AmphibiaWeb

AmphibiaWeb is a non-profit website and database that provides species-level information on amphibians from around the world, including taxonomy, distribution and conservation status.AmphibiaWeb 是一个非营利网站与数据库，提供世界各地两栖动物的物种级信息，涵盖分类、分布与保护状况。

It is run by a coalition of universities and the California Academy of Sciences, with its administrative home at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California, Berkeley, where its principals hold academic appointments.该网站由多所大学与加州科学院组成的联盟运营，行政与学术基地设在加州大学伯克利分校脊椎动物博物馆，项目负责人均在该校任职。

The project aims to publish a page for every recognised amphibian species, covering taxonomy, distribution, conservation status, natural history, photos and calls.项目目标是为每一个已确认的两栖动物物种建立页面，涵盖分类、分布、保护状况、自然史、照片与鸣声。

It was founded in 2000 by the biologist David Wake and has become one of the most widely used open references on amphibian diversity.网站由生物学家戴维·韦克于 2000 年创立，现已成为使用最广泛的两栖动物多样性开放参考文献之一。

History

• AmphibiaWeb grew out of a University of California, Berkeley seminar on amphibian declines led by David Wake in 1998.AmphibiaWeb 源于 1998 年由戴维·韦克在加州大学伯克利分校主持的一场两栖动物数量下降研讨会。
• Participants included Vance Vredenburg, then a graduate student studying chytridiomycosis die-offs in Rana muscosa and Rana sierrae, and Joyce Gross, a programmer in the Digital Library Project.参加者包括当时研究山黄腿蛙与内华达山黄腿蛙壶菌病死亡事件的研究生万斯·弗雷登堡，以及数字图书馆项目的程序员乔伊斯·格罗斯。
• The seminar concluded that research and monitoring were fragmented and that a central, trusted source for amphibian biology and taxonomy was needed for specialists and the public alike.研讨会认为相关研究与监测较为分散，需要一个可信的中心化来源，为专家与公众提供两栖动物生物学与分类信息。
• Museum informatics projects such as HerpNET and VertNet were coming online in the early 2000s, allowing AmphibiaWeb to add specimen-based maps and services.HerpNET 与 VertNet 等博物馆信息学项目在 2000 年代初上线，使 AmphibiaWeb 得以加入基于标本的地图与服务。
• The website was officially launched in 2000 as a collaborative project within the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, where the three principals held academic appointments.网站于 2000 年正式上线，作为伯克利脊椎动物博物馆内的合作项目运行，三位主要负责人都在这所博物馆任职。
• Its founding principals were David Wake as director, Michelle Koo as associate director and Ann Chang as coordinator.创始负责人包括担任主任的戴维·韦克、担任副主任的米歇尔·库以及担任协调员的安·张。
• Joyce Gross, later part of the Berkeley Natural History Museums informatics team, built and maintained the technology behind the species pages.乔伊斯·格罗斯后来加入伯克利自然历史博物馆信息学团队，负责构建与维护物种页面背后的技术系统。
• Vance Vredenburg became a professor at San Francisco State University and continued as an associate director of the project.万斯·弗雷登堡后来成为旧金山州立大学教授，并继续担任项目副主任。
• In 2012 AmphibiaWeb added its 7,000th species, a glass frog from Peru, a milestone covered by NPR and UC Berkeley News.2012 年，AmphibiaWeb 收录第 7000 个物种，即一种来自秘鲁的玻璃蛙，这一里程碑获得美国国家公共电台与伯克利新闻的报道。
• By 2022 the database hosted more than 8,400 species from around the world.到 2022 年，数据库已收录来自世界各地的 8400 多个物种。
• David Wake died in 2021 at the age of 84, and the project describes AmphibiaWeb as part of his scientific legacy.戴维·韦克于 2021 年去世，享年 84 岁，项目把 AmphibiaWeb 视为其科学遗产的一部分。
• The site has expanded from species accounts to include taxonomy and phylogeny pages, conservation resources, educational material and citizen-science programmes.网站从物种条目扩展到分类与系统发育页面、保护资源、教育材料与公民科学项目。
• Its taxonomy section provides a consensus phylogeny of major amphibian families, with synonymies to alternative scientific names.其分类板块提供主要两栖动物科的共识系统发育树，并列出其他科学名称的同物异名。
• Species accounts are contributed by specialists and volunteers and range from complete accounts to pages with only photos or distribution maps.物种条目由专家与志愿者贡献，内容从完整条目到仅含照片或分布图的页面不等。
• The project remains an ongoing collaboration between citizen scientists, students and researchers rather than a commercial publisher.项目始终是公民科学家、学生与研究人员之间的持续合作，而非商业出版机构。

Business and products

• The core product is a species page for every recognised amphibian, with conservation status, phylogeny, taxonomy, biology, natural history, distribution and, for many species, photographs, call recordings and literature references.核心产品是为每个已确认的两栖动物物种建立的页面，包含保护状况、系统发育、分类、生物学、自然史与分布，许多物种还配有照片、鸣声录音与文献引用。
• Distribution maps combine museum specimen records from VertNet with range maps from the IUCN and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Informatics Lab, and are revised as records and assessments change.分布图把 VertNet 的博物馆标本记录与来自世界自然保护联盟及脊椎动物博物馆信息学实验室的分布区图结合起来，并随记录与评估更新而修订。
• Users can view records on political, satellite, hybrid or terrain base maps, and the resulting maps support both research and conservation planning.用户可以在政区、卫星、混合或地形底图上查看记录，生成的分布图同时服务于研究与保护规划。
• AmphibiaWeb offers a taxonomy and phylogeny primer, family lists, photo galleries and a library of calls and videos.AmphibiaWeb 提供分类与系统发育入门、科级名录、照片库以及鸣声与视频资料库。
• Its Traits Datasets provide structured morphological and ecological data for comparative research.其性状数据集提供结构化的形态与生态数据，供比较研究使用。
• The SALTA programme sets species-account guidelines and supports the standardisation of contributed content.SALTA 项目制定物种条目编写指南，并支持贡献内容的标准化。
• AmphibiaConnect, Amphibioscope and Stories from the Field are public-facing features that link researchers with audiences.AmphibiaConnect、Amphibioscope 与《田野故事》是面向公众的功能，用以连接研究人员与受众。
• The project publishes a mobile app and runs a Global Amphibian Bioblitz to involve volunteers in observation.项目发布移动应用，并开展全球两栖动物生物多样性观察活动，让志愿者参与观测。
• It maintains conservation pages on global decline, habitat loss, climate change, wildlife disease, introduced species and contaminants.网站维护关于全球数量下降、栖息地丧失、气候变化、野生动物疾病、外来物种与污染物的保护页面。
• A watch list of species at risk and links to monitoring programmes are provided for conservation planning.网站提供濒危物种观察名单与监测项目链接，供保护规划使用。
• The site offers educational material for children, teenagers and educators, including free books and a glossary.网站为儿童、青少年与教育者提供教育材料，包括免费书籍与术语表。
• AmphibiaWeb supplies data to the IUCN, CalPhotos, the Encyclopedia of Life and iNaturalist.AmphibiaWeb 向世界自然保护联盟、CalPhotos、生命百科全书与 iNaturalist 提供数据。
• Its data-use policy requires attribution and discourages unauthorised redistribution of contributed photos and calls.其数据使用政策要求署名，并限制未经授权再分发贡献的照片与鸣声。
• The project also operates an online shop and a donation page to support its work.项目还运营在线商店与捐赠页面，以支持自身工作。
• The site's search tools support queries by scientific name, geography, family and species lists, as well as browsing by photo or call.网站的搜索工具支持按科学名称、地理分布、科与物种名录查询，也可按照片或鸣声浏览。

Organization and governance

• AmphibiaWeb is a U.S. non-profit 501(c)(3) organisation hosted by the University of California, Berkeley.AmphibiaWeb 是美国的一家 501(c)(3) 非营利组织，由加州大学伯克利分校承办。
• It is overseen by researchers at UC Berkeley, San Francisco State University, the University of Florida at Gainesville, the University of Texas at Austin and the California Academy of Sciences.项目由加州大学伯克利分校、旧金山州立大学、佛罗里达大学盖恩斯维尔分校、德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校与加州科学院的研究人员共同监督管理。
• The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology provides the project's administrative home and academic base.脊椎动物博物馆为项目提供行政驻地与学术基地。
• David Wake was director until his death in 2021, and Michelle Koo has served as associate director.戴维·韦克担任主任直至 2021 年去世，米歇尔·库则担任副主任。
• Ann Chang has served as coordinator, and Joyce Gross as the principal programmer.安·张担任协调员，乔伊斯·格罗斯担任主要程序员。
• Vance Vredenburg combines his role at San Francisco State University with associate-director duties at AmphibiaWeb.万斯·弗雷登堡把旧金山州立大学的教职与 AmphibiaWeb 副主任职责结合在一起。
• Species accounts come from a distributed network of specialists and volunteers rather than a single editorial staff.物种条目来自专家与志愿者组成的分布式网络，而非单一编辑团队。
• The project works with museum collections, university herbaria and biodiversity data networks to keep records current.项目与博物馆藏品、大学标本馆及生物多样性数据网络合作，以保持记录更新。
• Its team page lists working groups that cover taxonomy, data standards and outreach, drawing on partner institutions and volunteers.其团队页面列出覆盖分类学、数据标准与公众传播的工作组，成员来自合作机构与志愿者。

Financials

• AmphibiaWeb is a non-profit and does not publish a separate revenue, profit or balance-sheet statement.AmphibiaWeb 是非营利项目，不单独公布营收、利润或资产负债表。
• It depends on donations, institutional support from UC Berkeley and in-kind contributions from partner universities and museums that provide staff time, specimen records and hosting.项目依靠捐赠、加州大学伯克利分校的机构支持，以及合作大学与博物馆提供的实物贡献，后者包括人员时间、标本记录与托管服务。
• Gifts to the project are tax-deductible in the United States under its 501(c)(3) status.凭借 501(c)(3) 资格，对项目的捐赠在美国可以抵税。
• Access to the website and its species data is free, and there is no subscription or paywall.网站及其物种数据可免费访问，没有订阅或付费墙。
• Its online shop and donation page are the only visible fundraising channels on the site.在线商店与捐赠页面是网站上可见的唯一筹款渠道。
• Partner institutions contribute staff time, specimen data and editorial expertise rather than cash fees.合作机构提供的是人员时间、标本数据与编辑专长，而非现金费用。
• The project has not disclosed an endowment or annual operating budget on its website, and its funding is described only in general terms.项目未在网站上披露捐赠基金或年度运营预算，其资金来源仅作概括性说明。
• The absence of a commercial product means the site's sustainability depends on continued academic and philanthropic support, a model it shares with other university-hosted biodiversity databases.由于没有商业产品，网站的可持续性依赖持续的学术与慈善支持，这一模式与其它由大学托管的生物多样性数据库相同。

Reception

• AmphibiaWeb is routinely cited in peer-reviewed taxonomic, ecological and conservation papers.AmphibiaWeb 经常被分类学、生态学与保护生物学的同行评审论文引用。
• The IUCN, CalPhotos, the Encyclopedia of Life and iNaturalist use its data, extending its reach beyond its own website.世界自然保护联盟、CalPhotos、生命百科全书与 iNaturalist 使用其数据，使其影响超出自身网站。
• The 7,000th-species milestone in 2012 was reported by NPR and UC Berkeley News as evidence that amphibian taxonomy was still expanding despite global declines.2012 年的第 7000 个物种里程碑被美国国家公共电台与伯克利新闻报道，视为全球两栖动物数量下降之际分类学仍在扩展的证据。
• Its species pages are cited in Science and other peer-reviewed journals.其物种页面被《科学》及其他同行评审期刊引用。
• The project is described as part of David Wake's legacy by UC Berkeley and by obituaries in The New York Times and The Scientist.加州大学伯克利分校以及《纽约时报》与《科学家》的讣告都把该项目描述为戴维·韦克遗产的一部分。
• Its species pages are used by educators and citizen scientists as an accessible introduction to amphibian diversity.其物种页面被教育者与公民科学家用作了解两栖动物多样性的入门资料。
• No independent ranking or commercial assessment of AmphibiaWeb was found, and its reputation rests on academic citation and institutional use rather than on marketing.目前未发现对 AmphibiaWeb 的独立排名或商业评估，其声誉建立在学术引用与机构使用之上，而非市场推广。
• The site's data-use policy and citation guidance reflect its role as shared scientific infrastructure rather than a media product.网站的数据使用政策与引用指南体现其作为共享科学基础设施而非媒体产品的定位。

Notable people

• David Wake, an evolutionary biologist and salamander specialist, founded AmphibiaWeb in 2000 and directed it until his death in 2021.进化生物学家与蝾螈专家戴维·韦克于 2000 年创立 AmphibiaWeb，并担任主任直至 2021 年去世。
• Vance Vredenburg, a professor at San Francisco State University, studied chytridiomycosis in Sierra Nevada frogs and helped shape the project's conservation focus.旧金山州立大学教授万斯·弗雷登堡研究内华达山脉蛙类的壶菌病，并帮助塑造了项目的保护重点。
• Joyce Gross built the Digital Library Project technology and has maintained AmphibiaWeb's species pages and data tools.乔伊斯·格罗斯构建了数字图书馆项目的技术，并长期维护 AmphibiaWeb 的物种页面与数据工具。
• Michelle Koo, associate director, works on taxonomy, geospatial data and museum informatics at UC Berkeley.副主任米歇尔·库在加州大学伯克利分校从事分类学、地理空间数据与博物馆信息学研究。
• Ann Chang has coordinated the project's contributors and editorial workflow.安·张负责协调项目的贡献者与编辑流程。