American Chemical Society

The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.美国化学学会（American Chemical Society，缩写 ACS）是总部位于美国的科学学会，宗旨是支持化学领域的科学研究。

Founded in 1876 at New York University, it is one of the world's largest scientific societies by membership, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organisation holding a congressional charter, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.它于 1876 年在纽约大学成立，是全世界会员规模最大的科学学会之一，作为持有国会特许状的 501(c)(3) 非营利组织，总部设于华盛顿特区。

History

• In 1874 a group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the centenary of Priestley's discovery of oxygen, and the meeting prompted calls for a society devoted to theoretical and applied chemistry.1874 年，一群美国化学家聚集在约瑟夫·普里斯特利故居，纪念普里斯特利发现氧气一百周年，这次聚会使人们呼吁成立一个专注于理论与应用化学的学会。
• On 6 April 1876, at a meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York, now New York University, the American Chemical Society was founded, and it received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877.1876 年 4 月 6 日，在纽约市立大学（即今纽约大学）的一次化学家会议上，美国化学学会宣告成立，并于 1877 年获得纽约州颁发的公司特许状。
• John William Draper, a photochemist who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840, was elected the society's first president because of his national reputation.John William Draper 是一位光化学家，曾于 1840 年拍摄出最早的肖像照片之一，他因全国性的声望当选学会首任会长。
• Charles F. Chandler, a Columbia University chemistry professor who helped organise the society, served as president in 1881 and again in 1889.协助筹组学会的哥伦比亚大学化学教授 Charles F. Chandler 曾于 1881 年出任会长，并于 1889 年再度出任。
• The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research, and it remains the society's flagship peer-reviewed publication.《美国化学会志》于 1879 年创刊，用于发表原创化学研究，至今仍是学会的旗舰同行评审刊物。
• In 1907 Chemical Abstracts was established as a separate journal, having previously appeared within the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and it later grew into the Chemical Abstracts Service.1907 年《化学文摘》从《美国化学会志》中独立成为单独期刊，此后发展为化学文摘社。
• Chemical & Engineering News has been published by the society as a trade magazine since 1923.《化学化工新闻》自 1923 年起由学会作为行业杂志出版。
• The society adopted a new constitution aimed at building a national organisation in 1890, moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. in 1905, and moved again to its current downtown Washington headquarters in 1941.学会于 1890 年通过新章程以建立全国性组织，1905 年从纽约市迁至华盛顿特区，并于 1941 年再次迁入现位于华盛顿市中心的会址。
• ACS was reincorporated under a congressional charter in 1937, granted by the United States Congress and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.1937 年，学会在美国国会授予、由罗斯福总统签署的国会特许状下重新注册成立。
• The society's former logo, designed in the early twentieth century by Tiffany's and used from 1909, featured a stylised kaliapparat, the glass apparatus associated with Justus von Liebig.学会的旧标志由蒂芙尼公司于 20 世纪初设计、自 1909 年起使用，其中有程式化的「钾球仪」，这是一种与李比希相关的玻璃仪器。
• ACS first established technical divisions in 1908 to foster the exchange of information among chemists working in particular fields, starting with five divisions covering organic chemistry, industrial chemistry, agricultural and food chemistry, fertiliser chemistry, and physical and inorganic chemistry.学会于 1908 年首设技术分部，以促进特定领域化学家之间的信息交流，最初有五个分部，涵盖有机化学、工业化学、农业与食品化学、肥料化学以及物理与无机化学。
• Local sections were authorised in 1890 as autonomous units, and the Rhode Island Section became the first of them in 1891.地方分会于 1890 年获准设立，作为学会的自治单位，其中罗得岛分会于 1891 年成为第一个地方分会。

Mission and activities

• The society spreads scientific information through peer-reviewed journals, national conferences and the Chemical Abstracts Service, and its main source of income is that chemical information service.学会通过同行评审期刊、全国性会议与化学文摘社传播科学信息，而其主要收入来源正是这一化学信息服务。
• Its publications division produces more than 90 scholarly journals, including the Journal of the American Chemical Society, along with the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News.其出版部门出版 90 余种学术期刊，包括《美国化学会志》，以及周刊行业杂志《化学化工新闻》。
• ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the whole of chemistry, and also runs smaller conferences focused on particular chemical fields or regions.学会每年举行两次覆盖整个化学领域的全国会议，并举办聚焦特定化学领域或地区的小型会议。
• Student chapters operate at virtually every major university in the United States and at many abroad, concentrating on volunteering, career development and discussion of student and faculty research.学生分会在美国几乎每所主要大学以及许多海外高校设立，重点关注志愿服务、职业发展以及学生与教师研究的讨论。
• The society also publishes textbooks, administers national chemistry awards, provides research grants and supports educational and outreach activities.学会还出版教科书、管理全国性化学奖项、提供研究资助，并支持各类教育与推广活动。
• It coordinates two annual public awareness campaigns, National Chemistry Week and Chemists Celebrate Earth Week, celebrated with a yearly theme since 1978 and 2003 respectively.学会协调两项年度公众科普活动——全国化学周与「化学家庆祝地球周」，二者分别自 1978 年与 2003 年起每年设定主题。
• It sponsors the United States National Chemistry Olympiad, the contest used to select the four-member team that represents the country at the International Chemistry Olympiad.学会主办美国国家化学奥林匹克竞赛，该赛事用于选拔代表美国参加国际化学奥林匹克竞赛的四人队伍。
• The ACS Division of Chemical Education provides standardised tests for subfields of chemistry, the most used being the undergraduate general and organic chemistry tests of 70 multiple-choice questions each, with 110 minutes allowed.学会的化学教育分部为化学各分支提供标准化测验，其中最常用的是本科普通化学与有机化学测验，各含 70 道选择题，限时 110 分钟。
• The Green Chemistry Institute, founded in 1997 by chemists Joe Breen and Dennis Hjeresen with the Environmental Protection Agency, became part of ACS in 2001.绿色化学研究所由化学家 Joe Breen 与 Dennis Hjeresen 于 1997 年会同美国国家环境保护局创立，并于 2001 年并入学会。
• The Petroleum Research Fund, an endowment administered by ACS, supports advanced education and fundamental research in petroleum and fossil fuels, awarding more than 25 million dollars in grants in 2007.由学会管理的石油研究基金是一笔捐赠基金，支持石油与化石燃料领域的高等教育与基础研究，2007 年颁出的资助超过 2500 万美元。
• ACS co-created ChemRxiv, an open-access preprint repository for the chemical sciences that it manages jointly with the German Chemical Society and the Royal Society of Chemistry.学会与美国化学会之外的伙伴共同创建了 ChemRxiv，这是化学领域的开放获取预印本库，由它同德国化学学会、英国皇家化学学会共同管理。
• The ACS International Center, run by the society's international activities programme, is an online resource on scholarships and grants for scientists seeking to study or work abroad.由学会国际事务项目运营的 ACS 国际中心是一个在线资源，汇集面向海外求学或工作科学家的奖学金与资助信息。

Organization and governance

• The society's scientific leadership comprises a president, an executive committee and a board of directors, with elected officers drawn from internationally renowned researchers.学会的学术领导层由会长、执行委员会与董事会构成，其经选举产生的负责人均为国际知名研究人员。
• As of 2016 ACS had 32 technical divisions, successors to the five divisions first created in 1908.截至 2016 年，学会共有 32 个技术分部，它们承接自 1908 年首设的五个分部。
• The Division of Organic Chemistry is the society's largest division, marked its centenary in 2008, and its first chair was Edward Curtis Franklin.有机化学分部是学会规模最大的分部，于 2008 年迎来百年纪念，其首任主席为 Edward Curtis Franklin。
• There are 186 local sections covering all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, each autonomous and electing its own officers and national representatives.学会设有 186 个地方分会，覆盖全部 50 个州、哥伦比亚特区与波多黎各，各分会自治，自行选举负责人与全国代表。
• International Chemical Sciences Chapters let members outside the United States organise locally for professional and scientific exchange, and there are 36 of them.国际化学科学分会让美国境外的会员得以在当地组织专业与学术交流，目前共有 36 个。
• Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., with a large concentration of staff at Columbus, Ohio.学会总部位于华盛顿特区，并有大量工作人员集中在俄亥俄州哥伦布市。
• Albert G. Horvath served as chief executive officer, and Rigoberto Hernandez was elected president, overseeing the society's publishing, education and advocacy work.Albert G. Horvath 曾任首席执行官，Rigoberto Hernandez 当选会长，共同统管学会的出版、教育与政策倡导工作。
• ACS administers 64 national awards, medals and prizes across career levels, a programme begun in 1922 with the Priestley Medal, the society's highest honour for distinguished services to chemistry.学会管理 64 项面向不同职业阶段的国家级奖项、奖章与奖金，该奖项体系始于 1922 年设立的普里斯特利奖章——授予对化学作出杰出贡献者的最高荣誉。

Membership and funding

• Membership has exceeded 150,000, spanning all degree levels and the fields of chemistry, chemical engineering and related sciences.学会会员超过 15 万名，涵盖各个学位层次以及化学、化学工程与相关科学领域。
• Undergraduates may join as student members on payment of 25 dollars in yearly dues, and any university may start its own ACS Student Chapter.本科生缴纳每年 25 美元会费即可成为学生会员，任何大学都可设立自己的 ACS 学生分会。
• The society's publishing and information business, above all the Chemical Abstracts Service, provides the bulk of its income.学会的出版与信息业务，尤其是化学文摘社，构成其收入的主要部分。
• Its operating budget was reported at 528 million dollars for 2016, funding journals, conferences, awards and member services.据报道，其 2016 年运营预算为 5.28 亿美元，用于期刊、会议、奖项与会员服务。
• The Petroleum Research Fund traces to the 1931 acquisition of the Universal Oil Products laboratory by a consortium of oil companies and the trust they set up in 1944, with first grants awarded in 1954.石油研究基金的渊源可追溯至 1931 年多家石油公司联合收购环球石油产品公司的实验室，以及它们于 1944 年设立的信托，首批资助于 1954 年颁出。
• That trust was transferred to ACS in 2000 and the previous trust dissolved, and the fund was valued at 144.7 million dollars in December 2014.该信托于 2000 年移交学会、原信托随之解散，基金在 2014 年 12 月的估值为 1.447 亿美元。
• In 2009 Clifford and Kathryn Hach donated 33 million dollars to ACS to continue the work of the Hach Scientific Foundation in supporting high-school chemistry teaching.2009 年，Clifford 与 Kathryn Hach 向学会捐赠 3300 万美元，以延续 Hach 科学基金会在支持高中化学教学方面的工作。
• Executive pay has drawn scrutiny, with two employees reported to receive more than 900,000 dollars in 2016 and 694 more than 100,000 dollars.高管薪酬曾引来审视，据报道，2016 年有两名员工的报酬超过 90 万美元，另有 694 人超过 10 万美元。

Reception

• ACS has been criticised for the pricing of its products such as SciFinder and its journals, for opposing open-access publishing, and for bringing numerous copyright enforcement actions despite its non-profit status.学会因 SciFinder 等产品与期刊的定价、反对开放获取出版，以及虽为非营利组织却发起大量版权执法诉讼而受到批评。
• In 2005 the society opposed the creation of PubChem, an open-access chemical database developed by the National Institutes of Health, arguing that it would duplicate and unfairly compete with the fee-based Chemical Abstracts Service.2005 年，学会反对美国国立卫生研究院开发的开放获取化学数据库 PubChem，认为它将重复并以不公平的方式与其收费的化学文摘社竞争。
• ACS was unsuccessful in that campaign, and PubChem became the world's largest free chemical database, while the society was also the only major scientific database provider to cap the number of records users may export.学会的这一努力未能成功，PubChem 成为全球最大的免费化学数据库，而学会也是唯一对用户可导出的记录数量设限的主要科学数据库提供方。
• In the mid-2000s the society joined other publishers in opposing legislation that would have required federally funded research to be deposited in the free PubMed Central repository, but the measure passed in December 2007 and took effect in 2008.2000 年代中期，学会与其他出版方一道反对要求联邦资助研究存入免费的 PubMed Central 库的立法，但该法案仍于 2007 年 12 月通过，并于 2008 年生效。
• In response to a 2013 White House directive on access to federally funded research, ACS joined other publishers in establishing Chorus, the Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States.针对 2013 年白宫关于联邦资助研究获取的指令，学会与其他出版方共同建立了 Chorus，即美国开放研究交换中心。
• Its position has shifted, and in 2015 it launched ACS Central Science, the first fully open-access journal in its history, followed by ACS Omega in 2016 and nine gold open-access ACS Au titles in December 2020.学会的立场有所转变，2015 年推出历史上第一本完全开放获取期刊《ACS Central Science》，2016 年推出《ACS Omega》，2020 年 12 月又推出九种金色开放获取的 ACS Au 系列期刊。
• Despite those launches, the share of open-access publications in ACS journals has been reported as the lowest among the eight major scientific journal publishers.尽管有这些举措，学会期刊中开放获取论文的占比据报仍在八大科学期刊出版方中最低。
• ACS has been involved in numerous lawsuits over database access, trademarks and copyright, including a trademark action against Google settled out of court in 2006 and a trade-secrets suit against Leadscope concluded in 2012.学会卷入过多起关于数据库访问、商标与版权的诉讼，包括 2006 年庭外和解的对谷歌商标诉讼，以及 2012 年审结的针对 Leadscope 的商业秘密诉讼。
• It also sued the research network ResearchGate and the pirate library Sci-Hub, with a German court refusing monetary compensation in the first case and the Sci-Hub judgment proving unenforceable.它还起诉过研究社交网络 ResearchGate 与影子图书馆 Sci-Hub，前一案中德国法院拒绝判给金钱赔偿，Sci-Hub 一案的判决则无法执行。
• The society states that it supports scientific inquiry and the dissemination of chemical information, and it points to its awards, grants and outreach programmes as evidence of that mission in practice.学会表示其支持科学研究与化学信息的传播，并以它的奖项、资助与推广项目作为这一使命落到实处的例证。

Notable people

• John William Draper, a photochemist and pioneering photographer, became the society's first president in 1876.光化学家与摄影先驱 John William Draper 于 1876 年出任学会首任会长。
• Charles F. Chandler, the Columbia University professor who organised the society, served as president in 1881 and 1889 and was a driving force behind its early growth.筹组学会的哥伦比亚大学教授 Charles F. Chandler 在 1881 年与 1889 年两度任会长，是学会早期发展的主要推动者。
• William H. Nichols, a chemist and businessman and one of the society's original founders, is commemorated by the Nichols Medal, first awarded in 1903 by the New York Section.化学家与实业家 William H. Nichols 是学会的创始成员之一，纽约分会于 1903 年首度颁发以其命名的 Nichols 奖章。
• Of the more than 100 Nichols Medalists, 16 have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.在 100 余位 Nichols 奖章得主中，有 16 人后来获得诺贝尔化学奖。
• The Willard Gibbs Award, granted by the ACS Chicago Section since 1910, honours Josiah Willard Gibbs, the Yale professor who formulated the phase rule.由学会芝加哥分会自 1910 年起颁发的 Willard Gibbs 奖，纪念提出相律的耶鲁大学教授 Josiah Willard Gibbs。
• Albert G. Horvath led the society as chief executive officer, and Rigoberto Hernandez served as its elected president.Albert G. Horvath 作为首席执行官领导学会，Rigoberto Hernandez 曾出任其经选举产生的会长。
• The Herty Medal, given by the Georgia Local Section since 1933, recognises chemists who have worked in the southeastern United States for at least ten years.由佐治亚地方分会自 1933 年起颁发的 Herty 奖章，表彰在美国东南部工作至少十年的化学家。