Albert Einstein College of Medicine

The Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a private medical school in the Morris Park neighbourhood of the Bronx, New York City, founded in 1953 and now an independent degree-granting institution within the Montefiore Einstein health system.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院是位于纽约市布朗克斯区莫里斯公园一带的一所私立医学院，创办于 1953 年，现为蒙特菲奥雷·爱因斯坦医疗系统内独立授予学位的机构。

It awards MD, PhD and master's degrees, hosts one of the three Medical Scientist Training Programs launched by the National Institutes of Health in 1964, and has charged no tuition to MD students since a $1 billion gift from Ruth Gottesman in 2024.学院授予医学博士、哲学博士与硕士学位，设有美国国立卫生研究院 1964 年首批三个医学科学家培养项目之一，并自 2024 年露丝·戈特斯曼捐赠 10 亿美元起对医学博士生免收学费。

The college sits in the 401-500 band of the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, is absent from the 2027 QS World University Rankings and the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and is not included in the 2026-2027 U.S. News global universities list.学院在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中位列第 401-500 名区间，未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名与 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名，也未进入 2026-2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学榜单。

History

In 1945 Samuel Belkin, president of Yeshiva University, began planning a medical school, and under his urging the university's trustees negotiated with the New York State Board of Regents to extend its charter to grant MD degrees, an amendment finalised in December 1950.1945 年，叶史瓦大学校长塞缪尔·贝尔金开始筹划一所医学院，在他的推动下，校董事会与纽约州评议委员会谈判，争取将学校章程扩充至可授予医学博士学位，该修订于 1950 年 12 月最终完成。
In 1951 Albert Einstein wrote to Belkin praising the planned school as being "of the greatest importance to American Jewry" and promising to welcome "students of all creeds and races", and he served as honorary chairman of the fundraising campaign alongside Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Dewey and Richard Nixon.1951 年，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦致信贝尔金，称这所筹建的学院「对美国犹太民族至关重要」，并表示将接纳「所有信仰与种族的学生」，他随后与埃莉诺·罗斯福、托马斯·杜威和理查德·尼克松一同担任筹款活动的名誉主席。
Einstein was initially reluctant to attach his name to the school, having recently declined to lend it to Brandeis University and to become the second president of Israel, and he instead suggested naming the institution after the Jewish physician Maimonides.爱因斯坦起初不愿让学院以自己的名字命名，他此前刚拒绝为布兰迪斯大学冠名，也拒绝了出任以色列第二任总统的邀请，转而建议以犹太医生迈蒙尼德为学院命名。
On 14 March 1953, at an event marking his 74th birthday, Einstein agreed to lend his name to the medical school, his only public appearance in 22 years at the Institute for Advanced Study, telling The New York Times that "physics has favoured medicine by giving civilised man confidence in the scientific method".1953 年 3 月 14 日，在庆祝自己 74 岁生日的活动上，爱因斯坦同意让医学院使用自己的名字，这是他 22 年来在普林斯顿高等研究院的唯一一次公开露面，他对《纽约时报》说「物理学惠及医学，因为它赋予文明人对科学方法的信心」。
In 1954 the college sponsored that year's Albert Einstein Award to physicist Richard Feynman and, on Einstein's 75th birthday, presented him with a Festschrift carrying contributions from ten Nobel laureates, Israeli prime minister Moshe Sharett and former US president Harry S. Truman.1954 年，学院赞助了当年的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦奖并授予物理学家理查德·费曼，又在爱因斯坦 75 岁生日时送上一部纪念文集，撰稿者包括十位诺贝尔奖得主、以色列总理摩西·夏里特与美国前总统哈里·杜鲁门。
Einstein died on 18 April 1955, a few months before the institution was dedicated and opened.爱因斯坦于 1955 年 4 月 18 日去世，距学院落成启用只有数月。
Although affiliation with Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan was considered, a site in the Bronx's Morris Park was chosen for its ample land and its proximity to the Bronx Municipal Hospital then under construction, and work on the first building began in October 1953.学院曾考虑与曼哈顿的西奈山医院合作，最终选定布朗克斯莫里斯公园的一处地块，因为那里土地充足，且邻近当时正在建设的布朗克斯市立医院，首栋建筑于 1953 年 10 月动工。
On 12 September 1955 Einstein welcomed its first class of 56 students in the partially completed Leo Forchheimer Medical Sciences Building, becoming the first new medical school in New York City since 1897 and the first in the United States to open under Jewish auspices.1955 年 9 月 12 日，学院在尚未完全竣工的利奥·福希海默医学科学楼迎来首批 56 名学生，成为 1897 年以来纽约市新建的第一所医学院，也是美国第一所由犹太机构创办的医学院。
The Sue Golding Graduate Division was established in 1957 to award PhD degrees in the biomedical sciences.苏·戈尔丁研究生部于 1957 年设立，负责授予生物医学领域的哲学博士学位。
In 1963 the college created a Department of Genetics, the first at any medical school, offering coursework that may have been the first formal medical curriculum in genetics.1963 年，学院设立遗传学系，为全美医学院中的首个，其课程可能是最早的正式医学遗传学课程。
The following year Einstein became one of three institutions to launch the Medical Scientist Training Program, a combined MD-PhD course that has received continuous funding from the National Institutes of Health.次年，学院成为首批开办医学科学家培养项目的三所院校之一，这一医学博士与哲学博士联合项目此后持续获得美国国立卫生研究院资助。
The first successful coronary artery bypass surgery was performed at Einstein in 1960 by a team led by Robert H. Goetz, a procedure described in The Annals of Thoracic Surgery as "one of the most significant surgical achievements of the 20th century".1960 年，罗伯特·H·格茨领导的团队在学院完成了首例成功的冠状动脉旁路移植手术，《胸外科年鉴》称其为「20 世纪最重要的外科成就之一」。
In 1966 the school completed a 375-bed private teaching hospital, now the Jack D. Weiler Hospital, whose opening was presided over by New York City mayor John Lindsay.1966 年，学院建成一座拥有 375 张床位的私立教学医院，即如今的杰克·D·韦勒医院，纽约市市长约翰·林赛主持了启用仪式。
The 12-storey Ullmann Research Center for Health Sciences opened in 1964, and the following year the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation gave $1.45 million to establish a centre for the study of human development and mental disabilities.12 层的乌尔曼健康科学研究中心于 1964 年启用，次年小约瑟夫·P·肯尼迪基金会捐赠 145 万美元，用于建立研究人类发育与智力障碍的中心。
That centre, named for Rose F. Kennedy, opened in 1970 with 200 staff scientists, the same year the college began the 15-storey Charles C. and Beulah Bassine Educational Center for public health.该中心以罗斯·F·肯尼迪命名，1970 年启用时拥有 200 名科研人员，同年学院动工兴建 15 层的查尔斯·C·与比尤拉·巴西恩公共卫生教育中心。
From 1971, supported by a five-year federal grant of $12,157,000, the college experimented with a three-year MD pathway and larger class sizes.从 1971 年起，学院在一笔为期五年、总额 1215.7 万美元的联邦拨款支持下，试行三年制医学博士培养路径并扩大班级规模。
After cumulative donations of $8.5 million from the Bronx businessman Jack Resnick, the campus was designated the Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus in 1990, and in 1996 the college added the 10-storey Samuel H. and Rachel Golding Building.在布朗克斯商人杰克·雷斯尼克累计捐赠 850 万美元后，校园于 1990 年被命名为杰克与珀尔·雷斯尼克校区，1996 年又建成 10 层的塞缪尔·H·与雷切尔·戈尔丁大楼。
The three-storey Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center opened in 2002, equipped with magnetic resonance instruments beyond conventional MRI and one of only six such facilities in the world at the time.三层高的格鲁斯磁共振研究中心于 2002 年启用，配备超越常规磁共振成像的仪器，当时全球仅有六处同类设施。
In 2008 Einstein opened the $225 million Price Center, doubling the campus to nearly 40 acres, and replaced its portrait logo with a stylised symbol combining the DNA double helix, a campus spiral staircase and the letter E.2008 年，学院启用造价 2.25 亿美元的普赖斯中心，使校园面积扩大到近 40 英亩，并以融合 DNA 双螺旋、校园螺旋楼梯与字母 E 的图案取代了原来的人像标志。
Mounting financial troubles at Yeshiva University, worsened by a $110 million loss in Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme in 2008, led the university to transfer ownership of Einstein to Montefiore in 2015, with Montefiore taking 51 percent and Yeshiva 49 percent.叶史瓦大学日益严重的财务困境因 2008 年在伯纳德·麦道夫庞氏骗局中损失 1.1 亿美元而加剧，最终促使该校于 2015 年将爱因斯坦医学院的所有权移交给蒙特菲奥雷，后者持股 51%，叶史瓦持股 49%。
Yeshiva continued to award Einstein's degrees until 2019, when the college gained independent degree-granting authority, and in 2021 the two institutions launched a joint BA/BS-MD programme.叶史瓦大学一直代学院授予学位，直至 2019 年学院获得独立学位授予权，2021 年两校又联合推出学士与医学博士直通项目。
In 2024 Ruth Gottesman, a long-serving professor and chair of the board of trustees, gave $1 billion to make tuition free for all MD students in perpetuity, stipulating that the college never change its name.2024 年，长期任教并担任董事会主席的露丝·戈特斯曼捐赠 10 亿美元，使所有医学博士生永久免交学费，并约定学院不得更名。

Academics

Einstein comprises 30 academic departments spanning clinical care and basic and translational research, and its chief academic officer is the Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean, a post held by Yaron Tomer since 2023.学院设有 30 个学术系，涵盖临床诊疗以及基础与转化研究，其首席学术负责人为玛丽莲与斯坦利·M·卡茨讲席院长，该职自 2023 年起由亚龙·托默担任。
The board of trustees has three officers and 28 members, with Ruth Gottesman as chair, Nathan Gantcher as treasurer and Montefiore Einstein chief executive Philip Ozuah serving as of 2025.董事会由三名主管与 28 名成员组成，截至 2025 年，露丝·戈特斯曼任主席，内森·甘彻任司库，蒙特菲奥雷·爱因斯坦首席执行官菲利普·奥祖阿亦在其中。
The MD curriculum begins with a 16-month preclerkship phase of fundamental scientific and medical coursework, including multi-semester courses in bioethics and service learning.医学博士课程以 16 个月的基础医学阶段开始，学习基础科学与临床医学课程，其中包括跨学期的生命伦理与服务学习课程。
Students then complete a 12-month clinical phase of clerkships and sit the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 and Step 2, followed by 18 months of clinical electives, increased duties and a research capstone project.随后学生进入为期 12 个月的临床阶段，完成各科实习并参加美国医师执照考试第一与第二阶段，最后 18 个月用于临床选修、加重的临床职责以及研究毕业项目。
Clinical training takes place at Montefiore and Jacobi hospitals and at the VA Bronx Healthcare System and the Bronx Psychiatric Center.临床训练在蒙特菲奥雷医院、雅可比医院以及布朗克斯退伍军人医疗系统和布朗克斯精神病中心进行。
Einstein hosts one of the three inaugural Medical Scientist Training Programs created by the National Institutes of Health in 1964, a fully funded MD-PhD course that waives tuition, pays a stipend and provides subsidised housing.学院设有美国国立卫生研究院 1964 年首批三个医学科学家培养项目之一，这一全额资助的医学博士与哲学博士联合项目免除学费、发放生活津贴并提供补贴住房。
The first MSTP year combines the medical preclerkship curriculum with graduate coursework and laboratory rotations, while the second year adds preclinical courses and USMLE Step 1 and ends with the choice of a PhD adviser.项目第一年将医学基础课程与研究生课程及实验室轮转结合，第二年增加临床前课程与执照考试第一阶段，并在年末确定博士导师。
Years three to five are devoted to PhD research and publication, and students return to intensive clinical clerkships in years six and seven after defending their dissertations.第三至第五年专注于博士研究与论文发表，学生在完成博士论文答辩后，于第六与第七年回到高强度的临床实习。
The Graduate Division of Biomedical Sciences runs an umbrella PhD programme that is not confined to a single department, enrolled 39 matriculants in 2023 and requires three laboratory rotations before a mentor is chosen.生物医学研究生部开设不隶属于单一院系的伞形博士项目，2023 年录取 39 名新生，要求学生在选定导师前完成三次实验室轮转。
A concentration in clinical investigation is available to both PhD and MD-PhD candidates, and PhD students receive full tuition remission, a stipend and subsidised housing.博士与医学博士双学位学生均可选择临床研究方向，博士生享有全额学费减免、生活津贴与补贴住房。
The five-year Clinical Research Training Program awards a Master of Science and adds a year of coursework in clinical research methods for MD students.为期五年的临床研究培训项目授予理学硕士学位，为医学博士生增加一年的临床研究方法课程。
With Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Einstein offers a certificate and a Master of Science in bioethics covering clinical ethics consultation, health policy and human-subject research.学院与叶史瓦大学本杰明·N·卡多佐法学院合作，开设生命伦理学证书与理学硕士项目，内容涵盖临床伦理会诊、卫生政策与人体研究。
MD students may also earn a joint Master of Public Health through a five-year Einstein-CUNY programme with the City University of New York.医学博士生还可通过学院与纽约市立大学合办的五年制项目，同时获得公共卫生硕士学位。
In 2024 Einstein received $192 million in funding from the National Institutes of Health and maintained more than 200 individual laboratories.2024 年，学院获得美国国立卫生研究院 1.92 亿美元资助，并维持着 200 多个独立实验室。
Its NIH-designated centres include a Diabetes Research Center, the Einstein-Rockefeller-CUNY Center for AIDS Research, an Institute for Aging Research and the Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center.其由国立卫生研究院认定的中心包括糖尿病研究中心、爱因斯坦—洛克菲勒—纽约市立大学艾滋病研究中心、衰老研究所与蒙特菲奥雷·爱因斯坦综合癌症中心。
The college also hosts the Harold and Muriel Block Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, the New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research and the Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center.学院还设有哈罗德与穆里尔·布洛克临床与转化研究所、纽约地区糖尿病转化研究中心以及罗斯·F·肯尼迪智力与发育障碍研究中心。

Campus

The campus occupies nearly 40 acres in Morris Park, Bronx, and has been known since 1990 as the Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus.校园占地近 40 英亩，位于布朗克斯莫里斯公园，自 1990 年起称为杰克与珀尔·雷斯尼克校区。
Its first building, the Leo Forchheimer Medical Sciences Building, was built in a contemporary steel-and-concrete design begun in October 1953.首栋建筑利奥·福希海默医学科学楼于 1953 年 10 月动工，采用当时的现代钢混设计。
Einstein's clinical campus includes the 375-bed Jack D. Weiler Hospital and the 1,349-bed Jacobi Medical Center, a $37.5 million city hospital built alongside the school.学院的临床校园包括拥有 375 张床位的杰克·D·韦勒医院，以及拥有 1,349 张床位的雅可比医疗中心，后者是随学院一同兴建、造价 3750 万美元的市立医院。
Jacobi belongs to NYC Health + Hospitals, the largest municipal health system in the United States, and serves as the regional snakebite and hyperbaric centre for the New York tri-state area.雅可比隶属美国最大的市立医疗系统纽约市健康与医院集团，并担任纽约三州地区的蛇伤与高压氧治疗中心。
Student housing consists of three 28-storey towers built in 1970, offering studios, one- to three-bedroom apartments and three-bedroom penthouses to students and postdoctoral researchers.学生住房为 1970 年建成的三座 28 层高塔，向学生与博士后提供单间公寓、一至三居室公寓以及三居室顶层套房。
The Falk Center provides a gymnasium, swimming pool and courts for basketball, racquetball and squash, and an underground parking garage serves the campus.福克中心设有体育馆、游泳池以及篮球、短柄墙球与壁球场地，校园内还有一座地下停车场。
The 2008 Price Center research complex doubled the size of the campus and stands alongside the Ullmann, Golding and Gruss buildings added between 1964 and 2002.2008 年建成的普赖斯中心研究综合体使校园面积翻倍，与 1964 年至 2002 年间陆续落成的乌尔曼、戈尔丁和格鲁斯大楼共同构成校园建筑群。
The parent Montefiore health system, founded in 1884 and named for the British financier Moses Montefiore, comprises 15 member hospitals including Montefiore Einstein Medical Center and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore.母体蒙特菲奥雷医疗系统创立于 1884 年，以英国金融家摩西·蒙特菲奥雷命名，由 15 家成员医院组成，其中包括蒙特菲奥雷·爱因斯坦医学中心与蒙特菲奥雷儿童医院。

Reputation

In the 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Einstein is placed in the 401-500 band rather than at a single position.在 2026 年软科世界大学学术排名中，学院位于第 401-500 名区间，而非某个具体名次。
The college does not appear in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学院未进入 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名。
It is likewise absent from the 2027 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.学院同样未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名。
It is not included in the 2026-2027 U.S. News global universities list.学院也未进入 2026-2027 年度 U.S. News 全球大学榜单。
Faculty members have included 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, five members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and three National Medal of Science recipients.学院教师中曾有 18 位美国国家科学院院士、5 位美国艺术与科学院院士以及 3 位国家科学奖章得主。
Alumni include seven members of the National Academy of Sciences, two Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators and five members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.校友中有 7 位美国国家科学院院士、2 位霍华德·休斯医学研究所研究员以及 5 位美国艺术与科学院院士。
Research conducted at Einstein produced the first successful coronary artery bypass operation, the demonstration that glycated haemoglobin A1c can guide diabetes care and the identification of taxol's mechanism of action.学院的科研工作带来了首例成功的冠状动脉旁路手术，证实糖化血红蛋白 A1c 可用于指导糖尿病治疗，并阐明了紫杉醇的作用机制。
Its location in the Bronx, where HIV was highly prevalent, allowed Einstein researchers in the 1980s to publish the first description of paediatric HIV/AIDS and key work on mother-to-child transmission.学院位于艾滋病病毒高发的布朗克斯，这使研究人员得以在 1980 年代首次描述儿童艾滋病，并在母婴传播方面完成关键研究。
Montefiore operates the busiest emergency department in New York City and the ninth busiest in the United States.蒙特菲奥雷运营着纽约市最繁忙、全美第九繁忙的急诊科。

Student life

As of 2025 Einstein enrolled 789 medical students, according to U.S. News & World Report.据《美国新闻与世界报道》统计，截至 2025 年学院共有 789 名医学博士生。
Admission to the MD programme is highly selective, with an acceptance rate of 1.85 percent in 2024.医学博士项目录取竞争激烈，2024 年的录取率为 1.85%。
Every MD student receives the full-tuition Gottesman Scholarship, leaving an average post-scholarship cost of attendance of $138,000 across four years.每位医学博士生都获得覆盖全额学费的戈特斯曼奖学金，四年下来的平均自付就读成本为 13.8 万美元。
New York State residents make up 44 percent of the MD student body.纽约州居民占医学博士生总数的 44%。
Students and postdoctoral researchers live in the three 1970 residential towers, whose units range from studios to three-bedroom penthouses.学生与博士后居住在 1970 年建成的三座宿舍塔中，房型从单间公寓到三居室顶层套房不等。
The Einstein Community Health Outreach Free Clinic, founded in 1999, was the first student-run free clinic in New York City and one of the first in the United States, caring for patients without health insurance.爱因斯坦社区健康外展免费诊所创办于 1999 年，是纽约市首家由学生运营的免费诊所，也是全美最早的同类诊所之一，为没有医疗保险的患者提供诊疗。
MSTP trainees attend a retreat at the Edith Macy Conference Center every eighteen months in addition to their laboratory and clinical duties.医学科学家培养项目的学生在实验室与临床工作之外，每十八个月前往伊迪丝·梅西会议中心参加一次集训。

Notable people

Neurologist and writer Oliver Sacks taught at Einstein for more than 40 years, and his 1973 book Awakenings, based on his work with encephalitis lethargica patients in the Bronx, became a 1990 film starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro.神经病学家与作家奥利弗·萨克斯在学院任教四十余年，他 1973 年出版的《苏醒》取材于在布朗克斯治疗昏睡性脑炎患者的经历，1990 年被改编为由罗宾·威廉姆斯与罗伯特·德尼罗主演的电影。
Berta Scharrer, regarded as a co-founder of neuroendocrinology, received the National Medal of Science in 1983 for establishing the concept of neurosecretion.被誉为神经内分泌学共同奠基人的贝尔塔·沙雷尔因确立神经分泌概念，于 1983 年获得国家科学奖章。
Harry Eagle won the National Medal of Science in 1987 for developing Eagle's minimal essential medium, a cell-culture staple still widely used.哈里·伊格尔因研制伊格尔最低必需培养基而于 1987 年获得国家科学奖章，这种培养基至今仍广泛用于细胞培养。
Geneticist Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, a Fellow of the Royal Society, received the National Medal of Science in 1993 for fundamental research on mammalian genetics.遗传学家萨洛梅·格吕克斯松—韦尔施是英国皇家学会会士，因在哺乳动物遗传学方面的基础研究于 1993 年获得国家科学奖章。
William R. Jacobs Jr., a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, was the first to genetically manipulate Mycobacterium, and his strain family, including mc2155, is named after Einstein's mass-energy equation.霍华德·休斯医学研究所研究员小威廉·R·雅各布斯首次对分枝杆菌进行基因操作，他培育的菌株系列（包括 mc2155）以爱因斯坦的质能方程命名。
Michael Baden, a professor at the college, served as Chief Medical Examiner of New York City.学院教授迈克尔·巴登曾担任纽约市首席法医。
Alumna Lucy Shapiro received the National Medal of Science in 2011 and the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in 2025 for bacterial genetics work that helped found modern developmental biology.校友露西·夏皮罗因在细菌遗传学方面帮助奠定现代发育生物学的研究，先后于 2011 年获得国家科学奖章、2025 年获得拉斯克—科什兰特别成就奖。
Charles S. Peskin, who developed mathematical models of blood flow in the heart, received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1983.开发心脏血流数学模型的查尔斯·S·佩斯金于 1983 年获得麦克阿瑟天才奖。
Raymond Vahan Damadian, who built the nuclear magnetic resonance scanning machine, received the National Medal of Technology in 1988 and the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 for his contribution to MRI.发明核磁共振扫描仪的雷蒙德·瓦汉·达马迪安因对磁共振成像的贡献，于 1988 年获得国家技术奖章，2001 年获得莱梅尔森—麻省理工终身成就奖。
Alumni George Kuo co-discovered the hepatitis C virus and Rudolph Leibel co-discovered the hormone leptin.校友乔治·郭参与发现了丙型肝炎病毒，鲁道夫·莱贝尔参与发现了瘦素。
Howard Dean, a graduate of the college, served as governor of Vermont, sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and chaired the Democratic National Committee.学院毕业生霍华德·迪恩曾任佛蒙特州州长，2004 年角逐民主党总统候选人提名，并担任过民主党全国委员会主席。
Gary Hartstein, an anaesthesiologist, served as medical delegate of the FIA for the Formula One World Championship, and psychiatrist Rick Strassman conducted early FDA-approved clinical research on DMT.麻醉科医生加里·哈特斯坦曾担任国际汽车联合会一级方程式世界锦标赛的医疗代表，精神病学家里克·斯特拉斯曼则开展了美国食品药品监督管理局批准的早期二甲基色胺临床研究。
Ronald J. Ross was the first to apply an MRI scanner in a clinical setting, and Sankar Ghosh, now a professor at Columbia University, did fundamental work on the transcription factor NF-kB.罗纳德·J·罗斯首次将磁共振扫描仪用于临床，现任哥伦比亚大学教授的桑卡尔·戈什则在转录因子 NF-κB 方面完成了基础性研究。