Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, commonly shortened to KazNU, is a national research university in Almaty, Kazakhstan, named after the medieval philosopher al-Farabi and counted among the largest and oldest institutions of higher learning in the country.阿尔法拉比哈萨克国立大学（简称 KazNU）是位于哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图的国立研究型大学，以中世纪哲学家法拉比命名，是该国规模最大、历史最悠久的高等学府之一。

Established by decree on 13 November 1933 and formally opened on 15 January 1934, it operates a 100-hectare campus known as Kazgugrad, enrols more than 20,000 students, and is placed equal 177th in the 2027 QS World University Rankings.学校于 1933 年 11 月 13 日依政令设立，1934 年 1 月 15 日正式开学，校园「Kazgugrad」占地 100 公顷，在校学生逾 2 万人，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中并列第 177。

History

• KazNU is the oldest classical university of the Republic of Kazakhstan, created by a decree of the Kazakh Regional Committee of 13 November 1933 and formally opened on 15 January 1934 on the basis of the local Pedagogical Institute, under a joint decree of the Council of Peoples' Commissars of the USSR and the Kazakh regional party committee.该校是哈萨克斯坦历史最悠久的古典大学，1933 年 11 月 13 日依哈萨克地区委员会政令筹建，1934 年 1 月 15 日在当地师范学院基础上正式开学，设立依据是苏联人民委员会与哈萨克地方党委的联合政令。

• On 2 December 1934, months after its opening, the young institution was named after Sergei Kirov, the Soviet party and state leader, and it was under that name that it grew for almost six decades.1934 年 12 月 2 日，这所年轻的学校以苏联党政领导人谢尔盖·基洛夫命名，此后沿用该名称近六十年。

• The first entrance examinations were held in January 1934 for the faculties of Biology, Physics and Mathematics, and in September of the same year for the Faculty of Chemistry, so that the opening intake was concentrated in the natural sciences.1934 年 1 月，生物、物理与数学系举行首次入学考试，同年 9 月化学系跟进，建校首届招生集中于自然科学门类。

• In 1937 the university created its first humanities unit, the Faculty of Foreign Languages, and a year later this faculty was folded into the newly formed Faculty of Philology, establishing the humanities tradition that still carries the university's language programmes.1937 年学校设立第一个人文单位外国语系，一年后并入新设的语文学系，由此奠定向延至今的人文学科与语言教学传统。

• The Faculty of Journalism was established in May 1941 when the university absorbed the Kazakh Communist Institute of Journalism, giving Kazakhstan one of its earliest schools of professional media training.1941 年 5 月，学校并入哈萨克共产主义新闻学院并设立新闻系，为哈萨克斯坦提供了最早的职业媒体人才培养基地之一。

• After the Second World War new faculties opened in rapid succession, with Geography established in August 1947 and the faculties of Philosophy and Economics following in 1949.第二次世界大战结束后，新院系接连设立，1947 年 8 月设立地理系，1949 年设立哲学系与经济学系。

• The Faculty of Law dates from 1955, when the university merged with the Alma-Ata Institute of Law, and over the following sixty-three years it trained about 35,000 legal professionals including judges, prosecutors and notaries.法学系源自 1955 年与阿拉木图法律学院的合并，此后六十三年间共培养约 35,000 名法律专业人才，涵盖法官、检察官与公证人。

• The economics teaching line runs from the Faculty of Economics of 1949 through a merger with philosophy in 1951 to a major reorganisation in 1963, when the Almaty Institute of National Economy was created and part of the training load was transferred to it.经济学科线从 1949 年的经济学系，经 1951 年与哲学系合并，再到 1963 年阿拉木图国民经济学院成立、部分培养任务转出后的重大调整，构成一条完整的演变线索。

• By the mid-1980s the university had reached a substantial research scale for the Soviet system, with 98 departments, 43 research laboratories and 9 research groups, a faculty of 1,180 that included 30 academicians and more than 100 doctors of science, teaching 21 specialties across 74 specialisations.到 1980 年代中期，学校在苏联体制内已达到可观的研究规模，设 98 个教研室、43 个科研实验室与 9 个研究组，教师 1,180 人，其中含 30 位院士与 100 多位科学博士，开设 21 个专业共 74 个方向。

• One year after Kazakhstan's 1990 declaration of independence the university was renamed Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, replacing the Kirov name with that of the philosopher born near present-day Otrar.哈萨克斯坦 1990 年宣布独立一年后，学校改名阿尔法拉比哈萨克斯坦国立大学，以出生于今奥特拉尔附近的思想家取代基洛夫命名。

• The government formally classified the university as a national university in 2001, the year in which its current Kazakh name was consolidated, and in 2021 it was named one of the top 500 universities in the world.2001 年政府正式将其定级为国立大学，同年其现行哈萨克语校名得以确定；2021 年学校入选世界大学 500 强。

• The Faculty of Oriental Studies was created by a government decree of 15 May 1989 that merged the Department of History of Asian and African Countries with the Department of Arabic, and it grew into the country's largest centre for training specialists in Oriental languages.东方学系依 1989 年 5 月 15 日政府政令设立，由亚非史教研室与阿拉伯语教研室合并而成，后发展为该国最大的东方语言人才培养中心。

• The Faculty of International Relations was founded by Decree No. 88 of 28 April 1995 at the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, reflecting the new republic's need for diplomats as it opened itself to the world.国际关系系依 1995 年 4 月 28 日第 88 号政令、应外交部请求设立，体现独立之初的哈萨克斯坦对外交人才的迫切需求。

• The Faculty of Information Technology opened on 15 January 2018 with the mission of training world-class specialists for the national IT sector and of creating a scientific and educational centre of global standing.信息技术系于 2018 年 1 月 15 日开设，定位是为国家信息技术产业培养世界级专业人才，并建设具有全球影响力的科教中心。

• On 26 May 2022 the university opened its branch in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in a ceremony attended by the presidents of both republics, Sadyr Japarov and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.2022 年 5 月 26 日，学校在吉尔吉斯斯坦比什凯克开设分校，两国总统萨德尔·扎帕罗夫与卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫共同出席仪式。

• The university marked its 90th anniversary in 2024, receiving congratulations from President Tokayev, and in December 2025 a Kazakhstan-China nanosatellite jointly developed with Northwestern Polytechnical University was launched into orbit at an altitude of 530 kilometres.2024 年学校迎来建校 90 周年，托卡耶夫总统致贺；2025 年 12 月，与西北工业大学联合研制的哈中纳米卫星发射入轨，轨道高度 530 公里。

• Like other institutions founded under the Soviet system the university remains highly centralised, a structure that its leadership has retained while modernising its research base.与其他苏联体制下创办的高校一样，学校保持着高度集中的治理结构，校方在现代化改造科研基础时延续了这一组织形态。

• Under Rector Zhanseit Tuimebayev, who took office as Chairman of the Board and is himself an alumnus and a former Minister of Education, the university has opened fifty modern laboratories attracting investment of 110 million US dollars and created the Farabi Hub platform for high-tech startups.在董事会主席兼校长詹谢伊特·图伊梅巴耶夫（本校校友、前教育部部长）主持下，学校新建 50 个现代化实验室、累计引资 1.1 亿美元，并搭建了面向高科技创业的 Farabi Hub 平台。

Academics

• Teaching is organised across sixteen faculties, among them Mechanics and Mathematics, Physics and Technology, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Biology and Biotechnology, Geography and Environmental Management, Journalism, History, Philology and World Languages, International Relations, Oriental Studies, Philosophy and Political Science, the Higher School of Economics and Business and Law.教学单位共 16 个系，包括机械与数学、物理与技术、化学与化工技术、生物与生物技术、地理与自然管理、新闻、历史、语文学与世界语言、国际关系、东方学、哲学与政治学、经济与商业高级学院以及法律。

• The roster also includes the Faculty of Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence, the Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, the Farabi International Business School and a preparatory faculty for foreign students, alongside joint faculties run with the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, the Higher School of Economics and the Kazakh Academy of Sport and Tourism.编制中另有信息技术与人工智能系、医学与卫生系、法拉比国际商学院以及外国留学生预科部，并与托姆斯克理工大学、国立高等经济学院和哈萨克体育旅游学院合办若干系部。

• The Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, one of the first faculties of 1934, occupies a separate five-storey building, runs 70 laboratories and 4 computer laboratories, and fields 45 doctors of sciences, 85 candidates of sciences and 40 doctors of philosophy.化学与化工技术系是 1934 年建校首批学系之一，独占一栋五层教学楼，设 70 个实验室与 4 个计算机室，拥有 45 名科学博士、85 名副博士与 40 名哲学博士。

• All bachelor's, master's and doctoral programmes of that faculty are accredited by the German agency ASIIN, and its students hold internships with petrochemical and metallurgical employers such as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating and the Atyrau Oil Refinery.该系全部学士、硕士与博士课程均通过德国 ASIIN 认证，学生赴卡拉恰甘纳克石油作业公司、阿特劳炼油厂等石化与冶金企业实习。

• The Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology is the oldest faculty of the university and operates two research institutes, four departments, a bioclinic and an aerobiological station, while its Biological Museum holds more than 5,000 specimens of endemic and rare species.生物与生物技术系是全校最古老的学系，下设两个研究所、四个教研室、一个生物诊所与一个空气生物学观测站，其生物博物馆藏有 5,000 余件地方特有与珍稀物种标本。

• The Faculty of Philology and World Languages was founded by the writers and scholars Auezov, Margulan, Kenzhebayev and Balakaev, and runs six departments covering Kazakh linguistics, Kazakh literature, Russian philology, general linguistics, European languages and translation studies.语文学与世界语言系由作家学者 Auezov、Margulan、Kenzhebayev 与 Balakaev 创立，设六个教研室，覆盖哈萨克语言学、哈萨克文学、俄罗斯语文学、普通语言学、欧洲语言与翻译学。

• The Faculty of Journalism has trained some 16,000 specialists for newspapers, television, radio and publishing over more than ninety years, and counts 9 doctors and more than 30 candidates of science among its staff.新闻系九十余年来为报刊、广电与出版业培养约 16,000 名专业人才，师资中包括 9 名博士与 30 余名副博士。

• The Faculty of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, founded in 1948, trains specialists in national and foreign history, archaeology, ethnology, museum studies, archival science and librarianship, and counts 27 doctors of sciences in a staff of 80.历史、考古与民族学系创建于 1948 年，培养本国史、世界史、考古、民族学、博物馆学、档案学与图书馆学人才，80 名教职工中有 27 名科学博士。

• The Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science traces its origins to the Department of Psychology and Logic of 1947 and the Philosophy and Economics departments of 1949, survived a closure in 1954 when philosophical training was reserved to Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, and was refounded in 1991.哲学与政治学系的前身可溯至 1947 年心理逻辑教研室与 1949 年哲学、经济学系，1954 年因哲学人才培养集中到莫斯科、列宁格勒与基辅而停办，1991 年重建。

• That faculty became the centre of philosophical education for Central Asia, training about 400 specialists for Cuba, Afghanistan, Laos, Cambodia, Burkina Faso, Mongolia, India and Pakistan from the early 1970s onwards.该系是中亚地区的哲学教育中心，自 1970 年代初起为古巴、阿富汗、老挝、柬埔寨、布基纳法索、蒙古、印度与巴基斯坦培养约 400 名专业人才。

• Research is carried out through a set of institutes that includes the Institute of State and Law, the Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, the Research Institute of New Chemical Technologies and Materials, and the Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology.科研由一系列研究所承担，包括国家与法律研究所、实验与理论物理研究所、新化学技术与材料研究所以及生物与生物技术研究所。

• The university also hosts the Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, the Institute for Advanced Studies, the Confucius Institute, a science and technology park and the National Open Nanotechnology Laboratory.学校还设有理化研究与分析方法中心、进修学院、孔子学院、科技园以及国家开放纳米技术实验室。

• The preparatory faculty for foreign students, founded in 1985, has trained more than 7,000 foreigners from over 100 countries, including more than 2,000 representatives of the Kazakh diaspora since 2001 and more than 420 ethnic Kazakh repatriates since 2010.外国留学生预科部创办于 1985 年，已培养来自 100 多个国家的 7,000 余名外国学生，其中 2001 年以来为哈萨克侨民培训 2,000 余人，2010 年以来招收归国哈裔学生 420 余人。

• More than 20,000 students, postgraduates and doctoral candidates study at the university, of whom about 16,000 are undergraduates and 4,000 postgraduates, and the 2025 intake alone numbered 11,530 including 116 holders of the Altyn Belgi school medal and 27 winners of international olympiads.学校现有本科生、研究生与博士生逾 2 万人，其中本科生约 16,000 人、研究生约 4,000 人；仅 2025 级即录取新生 11,530 人，含 116 名「Altyn Belgi」金质奖章获得者与 27 名国际奥林匹克竞赛获奖者。

• More than 2,500 international students from abroad study at the university, and the teaching staff numbers over 2,500, including about 400 doctors of science and more than 800 candidates of science and associate professors.在校外国留学生逾 2,500 人，教师队伍超过 2,500 人，其中科学博士约 400 名、副博士与副教授 800 余名。

Campus

• The university stands at Al-Farabi Avenue 71 in the former capital of Almaty, at coordinates 43.25249 north and 76.9115 east, on ground that places it within the city's university district.学校位于前首都阿拉木图市法拉比大道 71 号，地理坐标北纬 43.25249、东经 76.9115，地处该市大学区。

• Its campus, known as Kazgugrad, covers 100 hectares and is the largest university campus in Kazakhstan, lying between Timiryazev Street, Al-Farabi Avenue, the Vesnovka River and the Botanical Garden in one of the most attractive areas of the city.校园名为 Kazgugrad，占地 100 公顷，是哈萨克斯坦最大的大学校园，位于季米尔亚泽夫街、法拉比大道、 Vesnovka 河与植物园之间，属全市最优美的地段之一。

• The main building, called the GUK, rises fifteen storeys and houses the university administration together with the History, Economics, Law, Philology and Journalism departments, and has been the visual landmark of Kazakh higher education since 1934.主楼称 GUK，高十五层，设校部机关及历史、经济、法律、语文与新闻等系，自 1934 年以来即是哈萨克高等教育的标志性建筑。

• The education infrastructure of the campus consists of thirteen educational buildings with a total area of 165,000 square metres and scientific laboratories with a total area of 18,940 square metres.校园教学设施由 13 栋教学楼组成，总建筑面积 165,000 平方米，科研实验室总面积 18,940 平方米。

• Seventeen dormitories stand on the campus, giving the university one of the largest residential systems in the country.校园内共有 17 栋学生宿舍，是哈国规模最大的住宿体系之一。

• A second, smaller campus at the intersection of Karasay Batyr and Masanchi streets hosts the Philosophy and Political Science, Oriental Studies, Preparatory and International Relations departments.位于 Karasay Batyr 街与 Masanchi 街交口的第二校园面积较小，驻有哲学与政治学、东方学、预科与国际关系四个系。

• The Physics, Mechanics-Mathematics and Chemistry departments were formerly located on the second campus and moved to newly constructed buildings on the first campus in 2011, completing the consolidation of the natural sciences in Kazgugrad.物理、机械数学与化学等系原设于第二校园，2011 年迁入第一校园新建楼宇，自此自然科学学科全部集中到 Kazgugrad。

Reputation

• In the 2027 edition of the QS World University Rankings the university is placed equal 177th, following a position of 166th in the 2026 edition and 150th in the 2023 edition.在 2027 年版 QS 世界大学排名中，学校并列第 177，此前 2026 年版列第 166，2023 年版列第 150。

• It is the only university in Central Asia that has entered the top 200 of the QS World University Rankings, a standing the institution treats as a regional benchmark.该校是中亚地区唯一进入 QS 世界大学排名前 200 的高校，学校自身也将此视为区域标杆。

• In the QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia rankings it was placed 18th in 2020 and 16th in 2022, confirming its lead within its own region.在 QS 新兴欧洲与中亚排名中，学校 2020 年列第 18、2022 年列第 16，稳固了在本区域内的领先地位。

• In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2027 the university falls in the 1401-1600 band, having first entered the THE list of the world's 600 best institutions out of 16,000 participants in 2009.在 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名中，学校位于 1401-1600 区间；早在 2009 年，它即首次进入 THE 从 16,000 所高校中评出的世界 600 强。

• The ShanghaiRanking Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2026 does not list the university in its global top 1000, so the school's global standing rests mainly on the QS and THE tables.2026 年软科世界大学学术排名未将该校列入全球前 1000，学校的国际位次主要依托 QS 与 THE 两个榜单。

• According to the OpenAlex index the university's works number 27,619 and they have been cited 278,805 times, under the institutional identifier I185571130, a profile comparable to that of a mid-sized European research university.据 OpenAlex 索引，学校累计产出 27,619 项成果、被引 278,805 次，机构标识为 I185571130，其学术体量与一所中型欧洲研究型大学相当。

• The university cooperates with more than 620 universities and research institutions worldwide and selects leading multidisciplinary institutions in the QS top 150 as its benchmarks for development.学校与全球 620 多所高校及科研机构合作，并选取 QS 前 150 的顶尖综合性大学作为发展对标。

• Its scientific infrastructure has been rebuilt in recent years around fifty modern laboratories, a supercomputer cluster ranked among the world's 600 fastest, and centres such as the Farabi Robotics Center, the Brain Institute and the International Institute of Digital Technologies and Robotics.近年来学校围绕 50 个现代化实验室、跻身世界前 600 的超算集群，以及法拉比机器人中心、大脑研究所、国际数字技术与机器人研究所等平台重建了科研基础设施。

Student life

• The university does not publish a formal Latin motto, its public identity being carried instead by the name and thought of al-Farabi, whom Kazakh tradition honours as the Second Teacher.学校未公布正式拉丁文校训，其公共形象由法拉比之名与其思想承载，哈萨克传统尊其为「第二导师」。

• At the student induction ceremony of 10 October 2025, held for the first time with artificial-intelligence elements, Rector Tuimebayev encouraged the newcomers with the words of al-Farabi that whoever wishes his work to succeed must first become a master of his craft.在 2025 年 10 月 10 日首次引入人工智能元素的新生入学典礼上，图伊梅巴耶夫校长以法拉比名言勉励新生：欲使事业有成，先成为本行业的大师。

• Al-Farabi Week, held from 3 to 8 November 2025 for the 1155th anniversary of the philosopher's birth, filled the campus with scientific projects, meetings with leading Farabi scholars, essay competitions on Farabi's wisdom and the technologies of the future, and poster and infographic campaigns.2025 年 11 月 3 日至 8 日，为纪念法拉比诞辰 1155 周年，校园举行为期一周的「法拉比周」，包括科研项目、与法拉比研究大家的对话、以「法拉比智慧与未来技术」为题的征文以及海报与信息图创作。

• The international competition Al-Farabi and Modernity, organised for the 1150th anniversary in 2020, drew 144 entries from school and university students in Kazakhstan and abroad and was judged through both a jury and public online voting.2020 年为纪念法拉比诞辰 1150 周年举办的国际赛事「法拉比与现代性」收到国内外中学生与大学生共 144 件作品，评审采用评委与网络投票相结合。

• Students live in seventeen campus dormitories, and more than 2,500 international students on the preparatory and degree programmes give the residence halls a strongly international character.学生住校内的 17 栋宿舍，预科与学位项目中的 2,500 余名外国学生使住宿区具有鲜明的国际化色彩。

• The Confucius Institute and the Farabi Hub extend campus life into language learning and entrepreneurship, the hub being designed as a platform where student high-tech projects and startups are developed into companies.孔子学院与 Farabi Hub 把校园生活延伸到语言学习与创新创业，后者定位为将学生高科技项目与初创团队孵化为企业的平台。

• The university newspaper and the Farabi Media video channel report campus affairs, while the Faculty of Journalism runs its own television and radio studios in which students produce news and documentary programmes.校报与 Farabi Media 视频频道报道校园事务，新闻系自办电视与广播工作室，由学生制作新闻与纪录片节目。

Notable people

• The university takes its name from Abu Nasr al-Farabi, the tenth-century philosopher and polymath whose works on logic, music and the virtuous city made him a reference point of the Islamic and Central Asian intellectual tradition.学校以十世纪哲学家阿布·纳斯尔·法拉比命名，其在逻辑学、音乐与「美德之城」方面的著述使他成为伊斯兰与中亚思想传统的坐标。

• Among its alumni in public life are Yerik Asanbayev, who served as Vice-President of Kazakhstan, and Kanat Saudabayev, who served as Secretary of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs.政界校友包括曾任哈萨克斯坦副总统的耶里克·阿桑巴耶夫，以及曾任国务秘书兼外交部长的卡纳特·绍达巴耶夫。

• Two further alumni headed the foreign service, with Kairat Abdrakhmanov serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Zhanseit Tuimebayev, before becoming rector, serving as Minister of Education and ambassador to Russia.另有两位校友执掌外交与教育事务：卡伊拉特·阿卜德拉赫曼诺夫曾任外交部长，而詹谢伊特·图伊梅巴耶夫在出任校长前曾任教育部长与驻俄大使。

• The legal professions count among its graduates Maksut Narikbaev, who chaired the Supreme Court of Kazakhstan, and Igor Rogov, who headed the Constitutional Council.司法领域的校友包括曾任哈萨克斯坦最高法院院长的马克苏特·纳里克巴耶夫，以及曾任宪法委员会主席的伊戈尔·罗戈夫。

• In science the university educated Murat Aitkhozhin, who went on to preside over the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences, and Fuat Mansurov, a mathematician and conductor of international standing.科学界的校友有后来执掌哈萨克斯坦科学院的穆拉特·艾特霍金，以及享有国际声誉的数学家、指挥家富阿特·曼苏罗夫。

• German Kim, head of the Department of Korean Studies and one of the leading international scholars of the Koryo-saram, the Korean diaspora of the former Soviet Union, built his career at the university.高丽系（前苏联朝鲜裔移民）研究的主要国际学者、朝鲜学系主任 German Kim 的学术生涯即在本校展开。

• The diplomatic service counts Michal Labenda, a graduate who served as Polish ambassador to Azerbaijan, Mongolia and Egypt, among its alumni of the international relations faculty.外交界校友中包括国际关系系毕业生、曾任波兰驻阿塞拜疆、蒙古与埃及大使的 Michal Labenda。

• Business alumni include Oleg Novachuk, chief executive of the mining group Kazakhmys, and the businesswoman Gulzhan Moldazhanova.商界校友包括矿业集团 Kazakhmys 首席执行官奥列格·诺瓦丘克，以及女企业家古尔然·莫尔达扎诺娃。

• Kazakh literature claims a remarkable group of alumni, among them the poets and writers Olzhas Suleimenov, who also served as Speaker of the parliament, Oralkhan Bokeev, Mukhtar Magauin, Abdizhamil Nurpeisov, Aigul Kemelbayeva and Yessengaly Raushanov.哈萨克文学界校友中包括曾任国会议长的诗人作家奥扎斯·苏莱曼诺夫，以及 Oralkhan Bokeev、Mukhtar Magauin、Abdizhamil Nurpeisov、Aigul Kemelbayeva 与 Yessengaly Raushanov。

• Government and education are further represented by Bakhytzhan Zhumagulov, Minister of Education, by Gulzhana Karagusova, Minister of Social Justice, and by Abish Kekilbayev, who chaired the Supreme Soviet and served as Secretary of State.政教两界的校友还包括教育部长巴赫特然·朱马古洛夫、社会公正部长古尔扎娜·卡拉古索娃，以及曾任最高苏维埃主席与国务秘书的阿比什·克基尔巴耶夫。

• Film and journalism complete the picture with the producer Gulnara Sarsenova, the journalist and editor Tauman Torekhanov, and the newsreader Kanat Auyesbay, who also serves as dean of the Faculty of Journalism.影视与新闻领域的代表有制片人古尔纳拉·萨森诺娃、记者兼编辑陶曼·托列哈诺夫，以及现任新闻系主任的播音员卡纳特·奥耶斯巴耶夫。