Ahmet Yassawi University

Ahmet Yassawi University, formally the Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, stands in the city of Turkistan in southern Kazakhstan and is placed in the 851-900 band of the QS World University Rankings 2027.艾哈迈德亚萨威大学（Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University）位于哈萨克斯坦南部城市突厥斯坦，在 2027 年 QS 世界大学排名中列入第 851-900 位。

It was established in 1991 on the personal initiative of President Nursultan Nazarbayev under an intergovernmental agreement between Kazakhstan and Turkey, and is recorded as the first university of the country to hold the status of an international institution of higher education.该校于 1991 年依哈萨克斯坦与土耳其之间的政府间协议创建，倡议出自总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫，并记载为哈萨克斯坦第一所获得国际高等教育机构地位的大学。

The university carries the name of the Sufi poet whose shrine made Turkistan a spiritual centre of the Turkic world, and it prepares specialists drawn from the Turkic-speaking countries of the region.大学以那位使突厥斯坦成为突厥世界精神中心的苏非诗人命名，培养对象是来自本地区各突厥语国家的专业人才。

History

• Turkistan, called Yasi in the medieval sources, lies in the Syr Darya valley of southern Kazakhstan and was already a town of the steppe's trade and pilgrimage routes long before the university appeared.突厥斯坦在中世纪文献中称亚西（Yasi），位于哈萨克斯坦南部的锡尔河谷地，远在大学出现之前便是草原商路与朝圣路线上的城镇。

• Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, the twelfth-century Sufi poet after whom the university is named, was born around 1093 in Sayram, a town of the same southern region of present-day Kazakhstan.大学所尊奉的 12 世纪苏非诗人霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维约 1093 年出生在赛拉姆，那是今哈萨克斯坦南部同一地区的一座城镇。

• Tradition places his first instruction with Arslan Baba and his later training in Bukhara under Yusuf Hamadani, the master who sent the poet back to the steppe to guide the Turkic peoples.相传他先师从阿尔斯兰·巴巴，后赴布哈拉随优素福·哈马丹尼修学，正是这位导师把他派回草原引导突厥诸部。

• He gathered disciples into what became the Yasawiyya Sufi order and composed the Divan-i Hikmet, a body of devotional poetry in a Turkic literary language that carried Sufi teaching far across Central Asia.他聚徒传道，形成亚萨维耶苏非教团，并写下《智慧书》（Divan-i Hikmet）——以突厥文学语言写成的宗教诗集，把苏非教诲传遍中亚。

• Yassawi spent his last years at Turkistan and died there in 1166, and his grave turned the town into the most venerated site of Islamic devotion on the Kazakh steppe.亚萨维晚年定居突厥斯坦，1166 年在此去世，其墓地使这座城镇成为哈萨克草原上最受尊崇的伊斯兰圣地。

• The Kazakh Khanate, founded in 1465 by Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan after their break with Abu'l-Khayr Khan, later held Turkistan among its principal seats, and the shrine had already given the town its religious standing.哈萨克汗国由克列汗与贾尼别克汗于 1465 年脱离阿布海尔汗后建立，其后以突厥斯坦为主要权力中心之一，而圣地早已赐予该城宗教声望。

• In 1389 Amir Timur, known in Europe as Tamerlane, ordered a monumental mausoleum to be raised over the poet's grave, and the building drew craftsmen from the far provinces of his empire.1389 年，欧洲称为「塔梅尔兰」的埃米尔·帖木儿下令在诗人墓上营建宏伟陵墓，工程汇集了其帝国边远省份的匠师。

• The mausoleum was still unfinished when Timur died in 1405, and it survives as one of the greatest monuments of the Timurid age and an early essay in the style of Samarkand's later shrines.1405 年帖木儿去世时陵墓尚未完工，如今它仍是帖木儿时代最伟大的建筑之一，也是撒马尔罕诸陵庙风格的早期先声。

• The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2003 by the World Heritage Committee, the first property inscribed for the independent Republic of Kazakhstan.霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维陵墓于 2003 年经世界遗产委员会列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》，是独立的哈萨克斯坦列入的首项世界遗产。

• Kazakhstan's heritage list grew with the rock art of Tamgaly in 2004, carved on rock in the country's southeast, but the Yasawi shrine remains the single monument that defines Turkistan and rises above the low houses of the old town.2004 年泰姆格里岩画令哈萨克斯坦的世界遗产名单扩增——岩画位于该国东南部的岩壁上——但亚萨维陵墓始终是标志突厥斯坦的唯一丰碑，高踞老城低矮屋舍之上。

• When Kazakhstan declared independence in December 1991, Turkey recognised the new state at once as the first country to do so, opening the era of Turkic educational cooperation in the post-Soviet space.1991 年 12 月哈萨克斯坦宣布独立，土耳其立即予以承认并成为首个承认国，由此开启后苏联空间突厥教育合作的时代。

• The Kazakh-Turkish university was created in 1991 itself, on the personal initiative of President Nursultan Nazarbayev and under the first intergovernmental agreement between Kazakhstan and Turkey.这所哈萨克-土耳其大学同样在 1991 年创建，倡议出自总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫，依据哈萨克斯坦与土耳其的首个政府间协议。

• Its founding mandate was to train qualified specialists for the young Turkic-speaking states, and the university was sited at Turkistan, counted since the poet's time as the spiritual centre of the Turkic world.建校使命是为新兴的突厥语国家培养高水平专业人才，校址定在自诗人时代起便被奉为突厥世界精神中心的突厥斯坦。

• The institution thus opened as the first university in Kazakhstan to hold the status of an international institution of higher education, a rank flowing from its treaty rather than from a domestic charter.学校由此成为哈萨克斯坦第一所拥有国际高等教育机构地位的大学，这一地位源自国家间条约，而非本国的普通办学批文。

• On 31 October 1992 the governments of Kazakhstan and Turkey signed the Agreement on the Reorganization of the University into the Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University.1992 年 10 月 31 日，哈萨克斯坦与土耳其两国政府签署协议，将大学改组为霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维国际哈萨克-土耳其大学。

• That agreement of 1992 turned the school into a joint institution of two states, with the Kazakh and Turkish governments standing as its founding patrons instead of one national ministry.1992 年的这份协议使学校成为两个国家共办的高校，创办主体是哈萨克斯坦与土耳其两国政府，而不是单一国家的部门。

• Turkey's state aid agency, the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency known as TIKA, was founded in 1992 as well, and it became a channel of Ankara's educational work across the region.土耳其的国家援助机构——土耳其合作与协调署（TIKA）同样成立于 1992 年，其后成为安卡拉在本地区开展教育合作的渠道。

• In 1993 the six Turkic-language states founded TÜRKSOY, the International Organization of Turkic Culture seated in Ankara, which gave the cultural strand of this cooperation a permanent home.1993 年六个突厥语国家共同创立总部设于安卡拉的突厥文化国际组织（TÜRKSOY），使这一合作中的文化脉络有了常设机构。

• Political cooperation followed the same path, from the Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States created in 2009 at Nakhchivan to its renaming as the Organization of Turkic States in 2021.政治合作沿同一路径展开：从 2009 年在纳希切万成立的突厥语国家合作委员会，到 2021 年更名为突厥国家组织。

• Kazakhstan entered the European Higher Education Area and its Bologna Process in 2010, and the university's academic levels were laid over that three-cycle structure of bachelor, master and doctorate.哈萨克斯坦于 2010 年加入欧洲高等教育区与博洛尼亚进程，大学的各级培养随之纳入学士、硕士、博士的三级学制框架。

• The university's home city gained new administrative weight in 2018, when the former South Kazakhstan Region was renamed Turkistan Region with Turkistan as its administrative centre.2018 年，大学所在城市获得新的行政地位：原南哈萨克斯坦州更名为突厥斯坦州，州府设在突厥斯坦市。

• The university's name travels in three scripts, the Kazakh Cyrillic form Ахмет Ясауи университеті, its Latin transliteration, and the Turkish form Ahmet Yesevi University known from Turkish academic use.校名以三种文字形式流传：哈萨克文西里尔字体的正式名称、其拉丁转写，以及土耳其学术圈使用的土耳其文形式（Ahmet Yesevi University）。

• The treaties of 1991 and 1992 and the shrine of 1166 meet in one institution, the documents supplying the legal mandate and the monument supplying the name and the spiritual claim.1991 年与 1992 年的条约文书和 1166 年的陵墓在同一所学校交汇：文书提供法理依据，陵墓提供校名与精神上的合法性。

• Eight centuries separate the poet's death from the university's opening, so the school presents itself as a modern vessel for a medieval Turkic devotion that no other higher institution in the region can claim.诗人去世与大学开办相隔八个多世纪，学校因而自称是中亚突厥信仰传统的现代载体，本地区再无其他高校可作此宣称。

Academics

• Teaching runs through five successive levels, listed by the university as higher basic education at undergraduate level, an internship stage, magistracy, residency and doctoral studies.教学分五个递进层级，校方列举为本科阶段的基础高等教育、实习阶段、硕士（magistracy）、住院医师（residency）与博士研究。

• Admission works on three tracks, the state educational grants of Kazakhstan, the educational grants provided by the Turkish side, and study on a contractual, fee-paying basis.招生分三条渠道：哈萨克斯坦的国家教育奖学金、土方提供的教育奖学金，以及按合同自费的入学方式。

• The university's declared purpose is to prepare highly qualified specialists for the young Turkic-speaking countries, a mandate fixed in its founding documents rather than in a national law.学校公开的培养目标是面向新兴突厥语国家输送高水平专业人才，这一使命载于建校文书，而非某一国的国内法。

• Instruction and study move between Kazakh and Russian, the two working languages of Kazakhstan, where the constitution gives Kazakh the status of state language and Russian that of official language of interethnic communication, while Turkish and English hold a prominent place in the curriculum of a university built on a Kazakh-Turkish treaty.教学在哈萨克语与俄语这两种国内工作语言之间展开——宪法赋予哈萨克语国家语言地位、俄语族际交流官方语言地位——而土耳其语与英语在这所依哈土条约建立的大学课程中占有突出位置。

• The study of the Turkic world, its languages and its Sufi heritage shapes the philological and historical teaching, giving the university a scholarly accent no ordinary regional school carries.对突厥世界及其语言与苏非传统的研究塑造着该校的语言文学与历史教学，使其学术气质不同于一般的地区院校。

• The residency level implies clinical programmes, since residency is the standard medical specialisation stage in the higher education system to which the university belongs.开设住院医师层级意味着临床医学培养，因为在该校所属的高教体系中，这一阶段是医学专科训练的标准环节。

• The doctoral level completes the sequence with research degrees, so the university awards qualifications from the bachelor stage through to the doctorate in the terms of the national system.博士层级以研究型学位收束这一序列，学校因而可按国家学位体系从学士阶段一路授予到博士学位。

• Kazakhstan's entry into the Bologna Process in 2010 aligns these degrees with the European three-cycle framework, making the master's and doctoral stages legible to partner universities abroad.哈萨克斯坦 2010 年加入博洛尼亚进程后，这些学位与欧洲三级学制对齐，硕士与博士阶段在境外合作院校中更易获得承认。

• The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association, an academic network that links institutions of the Caucasus and the neighbouring countries.大学是高加索大学协会（Caucasus University Association）的成员，该学术网络联络高加索及邻近国家的院校。

• The two founding governments remain the university's patrons, a structure that gives it standing under both the Kazakh system and the bilateral treaties behind the school.两个创办国政府至今仍是学校的支持方，这一结构使学校在哈萨克斯坦国内体系与双边条约之下同时获得保障。

• No figure for student enrolment, academic staff or library holdings appears in the material available to this entry, so the university's scale cannot be stated from its documented record.本条目可得材料未披露在校生人数、教师规模或图书馆馆藏，学校体量暂时无法依可查记录陈述。

• Students arrive from across the Turkic-speaking countries the university was built to serve, an intake defined by treaty and grants rather than by a single national admissions market.学生来自学校立校之初便设定为服务对象的各突厥语国家，招生范围由条约与奖学金界定，而非局限于单一国家的生源市场。

• English serves as a language of international publication and exchange, while Turkish links the campus to the universities and scholarship of Turkey.英语是国际发表与交流使用的语言，土耳其语则把校园与土耳其的高校和学术界连接起来。

• The academic year follows the Kazakh national pattern and begins on 1 September, the Knowledge Day familiar across the post-Soviet education space.学年沿用哈萨克斯坦的国家惯例，自 9 月 1 日开学，这一天即后苏联教育空间普遍熟悉的「知识日」。

• Nothing in the available record fixes the university's internal faculty list, so this entry reports the levels and mandates it can document rather than an uncertain college structure.可得记录未能确证学校内部的院系列表，本条目只陈述能够查证的层级与使命，不臆列存疑的学院结构。

Campus

• The campus stands in the city of Turkistan at 43.29733 degrees north and 68.25175 degrees east, coordinates that place it in the Syr Darya valley of southern Kazakhstan.校园位于突厥斯坦市，坐标为北纬 43.29733 度、东经 68.25175 度，地处哈萨克斯坦南部的锡尔河谷地。

• Turkistan has been the administrative centre of the Turkistan Region since the 2018 reform, and it sits where the settled south of Kazakhstan meets the open steppe, in a region whose southern edge runs along the border with Uzbekistan.自 2018 年行政区划调整以来，突厥斯坦是突厥斯坦州的首府，城市正处在哈萨克斯坦定居农耕区与开阔草原的交界处，该州南缘沿乌兹别克斯坦边界延伸。

• The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi dominates the city, and the university lies within the orbit of a monument that has shaped Turkistan's identity for more than six centuries.霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维陵墓俯瞰全城，大学就位于这座塑造了突厥斯坦六个多世纪面貌的丰碑近旁。

• The shrine is a living pilgrimage site as well as a World Heritage property, and pilgrims from across the Turkic world visit the mausoleum through the year.陵墓既是世界遗产，也是仍在使用的朝圣地，突厥世界各地的信众全年络绎前来。

• Turkistan grew along the caravan tracks that linked the towns of the Syr Darya to the steppe, and that position explains the city's long religious and commercial importance.突厥斯坦沿连接锡尔河沿岸城镇与草原的商队路线成长，这一位置解释了该城长久的宗教与商业地位。

• The university campus shares the heritage setting of the old shrine city, so its address and the town's history are inseparable in a way no purpose-built campus could reproduce.校园与圣地老城共享同一片遗产环境，其地址与城市历史密不可分，这样的气质是任何新建校区都无法复制的。

• The historic railway from Orenburg to Tashkent, laid across the steppe in the early twentieth century, passes through Turkistan, a station on the line that opened the region to regular transport.20 世纪初穿越草原铺就的奥伦堡至塔什干铁路经过突厥斯坦，这一车站使该地区接入常规交通网络。

• The surrounding country is dry continental land, with hot summers, cold winters and the irrigated farming of the Syr Darya corridor supporting the towns along the river.周边地带属干旱大陆性气候，夏季炎热、冬季寒冷，锡尔河走廊的灌溉农业供养着沿河城镇。

• No campus area figure and no account of buildings or residences appear in the material used for this entry, so the physical extent of the university cannot be quantified here.本条目所用材料未载校园面积，也没有建筑与宿舍的说明，学校的实体规模在此无法量化。

Reputation

• The QS World University Rankings 2027 place Ahmet Yassawi University in the 851-900 band, the position for which this entry is written.2027 年 QS 世界大学排名将艾哈迈德亚萨威大学列入第 851-900 位，本条目即按此档位撰写。

• The university does not appear in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2027.学校未进入 2027 年泰晤士高等教育世界大学排名榜单。

• It does not appear in the 2026-2027 US News Best Global Universities ranking either, and no national position is recorded there for it.在 2026-2027 年度 US News 全球最佳大学排名中同样未见该校，该榜也未记载其国内名次。

• The 2026 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Shanghai table, likewise carries no entry for the university.2026 年软科世界大学学术排名同样未收录该校。

• Its strongest claim is institutional rather than bibliometric, namely the first university in Kazakhstan to hold international status, created by a treaty between two governments.其最有力的资质是制度性的而非文献计量性的：哈萨克斯坦第一所获得国际地位的大学，依两国条约创立。

• No publication count or citation total is carried in the figures used for this entry, so the research record must be read from institutional facts rather than bibliometrics.本条目所用数据未载论文数量与被引次数，科研表现只能从制度性事实而非文献计量指标来考察。

• What can be counted here is institutional, five study levels, three admission tracks, two founding states, and one World Heritage monument inscribed in 2003 in the city the university calls home.此处可计量的均为制度事实：五个培养层级、三条招生渠道、两个创办国家，以及 2003 年列入名录、坐落于大学所在城市的陵墓。

• Its academic networks run through the Caucasus University Association and the Turkic cooperation bodies, so its international standing is cultural and treaty-based rather than table-based.其学术网络经由高加索大学协会与突厥合作机构展开，国际地位因此建立在文化与条约之上，而非榜单之上。

• In the same 2027 QS band stand institutions as different as Kuwait University and Liverpool John Moores University, a company that shows how wide the 851-900 range is.2027 年 QS 榜单同一档位中，既有科威特大学，也有利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学，足见第 851-900 档的跨度之宽。

• Against the national field the contrast is sharp, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, the country's oldest, dates to 1934, and Nazarbayev University opened in 2010, while this university followed the Kazakh-Turkish path from 1991.与国内同行相比，差异鲜明：阿尔法拉比哈萨克国立大学始建于 1934 年，纳扎尔巴耶夫大学 2010 年开办，而本校自 1991 年起走的是哈土合作之路。

• Süleyman Demirel University in Kaskelen, created in the 1990s, is another Turkish-rooted institution in Kazakh higher education, one organized privately instead of by a treaty between two states.卡斯克连的苏莱曼·德米雷尔大学创办于 20 世纪 90 年代，是哈萨克斯坦高教中另一所土耳其渊源院校，其性质为私立，而非依两国条约设立。

Student life

• Students enter on Kazakh state grants, on Turkish educational grants or as fee-paying contract students, the three funding routes that define who can study here.学生以哈萨克斯坦国家奖学金、土耳其教育奖学金或自费合同生三种途径入学，这三条资助路线决定了谁能在此就读。

• The student body is international by design, drawn from the Turkic-speaking countries the university was created to serve rather than from one domestic market.学生群体按创办设计便是国际化的，生源来自大学所要服务的各突厥语国家，而非单一国内市场。

• Daily campus life moves between four languages, Kazakh and Russian for the country, Turkish and English for the wider Turkic and international worlds.日常校园生活在四种语言之间切换：哈萨克语与俄语面向本国，土耳其语与英语面向更广的突厥世界与国际社会。

• The city's calendar brings Nauryz, the spring festival of the vernal equinox in March, onto the streets around the campus each year.城市的节历每年把在三月春分举行的纳吾鲁孜节带到校园周边的街道上。

• Pilgrimage gives student life in Turkistan a rhythm no ordinary university town can offer, from the feast days of the shrine to the steady passage of visitors.朝圣给突厥斯坦的学生生活带来一般大学城没有的节律：从圣地的节庆之日到终年不断的访客。

• For students from the wider Turkic space the campus works as common ground, where the mutual intelligibility of the Turkic languages is practised daily in study and friendship.对来自突厥世界各地的学生而言，校园是共同的地面，突厥语诸语言之间的互通在日常学习与交往中不断得到实践。

• No student newspaper, union or named sports team appears in the material available, and no account of residences or societies is published for the university.可得材料中未见学生报刊、学生会或具名校队，学校也没有公布宿舍与社团方面的说明。

• The grant student and the contract student share the same lecture rooms, so the university's social mix crosses the funding lines set by the two founding states.奖学金生与自费生同堂上课，学校的社会构成因此跨越两个创办国家划定的资助界线。

Notable people

• Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, the Sufi poet whose shrine made Turkistan holy ground, gives the university both its name and its declared spiritual mandate.使突厥斯坦成为圣地的苏非诗人霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维，给了大学名字，也给了它公开宣示的精神使命。

• Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first President of Kazakhstan, took the personal initiative that brought the university into being in 1991.哈萨克斯坦首任总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫以个人倡议推动大学于 1991 年成立。

• The Palestinian physician Hussam Abu Safiya is listed among the university's notable alumni in the English-language record of the school.巴勒斯坦医生胡萨姆·阿布·萨菲亚被英文资料列为该校的知名校友之一。

• Amir Timur, whose builders raised the mausoleum at the end of the fourteenth century, enters the university's story through the monument that made its city a world heritage site.14 世纪末下令营建陵墓的埃米尔·帖木儿，经由使所在城市成为世界遗产的纪念碑进入大学的故事。

• Arslan Baba, remembered in the tradition as Yassawi's first teacher, links the university's namesake to the chain of Central Asian Sufi instruction.相传为亚萨维启蒙之师的阿尔斯兰·巴巴，把大学所尊奉的名字接入中亚苏非传法的谱系。

• Yusuf Hamadani, the Bukharan master who sent Yassawi back to the steppe, closes the line of teachers standing behind the poet's mission.派亚萨维重返草原的布哈拉导师优素福·哈马丹尼，为这位诗人使命背后的师承谱系作结。

• Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan, founders of the Kazakh Khanate in 1465, gave Turkistan its standing in Kazakh statehood and its place among the khanate's seats of power.1465 年创立哈萨克汗国的克列汗与贾尼别克汗，赋予了突厥斯坦在哈萨克国家传统中的地位与汗国权力中心的身份。

• Abu'l-Khayr Khan, the ruler whose domains the two khans left, marks the dynastic world out of which the khanate and the city's later eminence grew.两位汗王出走所离开的统治者阿布海尔汗，标示出哈萨克汗国与该城日后声望所自来的王朝世界。

• Yunus Emre, the Anatolian mystic poet who died around 1321 and whose name the Yunus Emre Institute carries, stands for the Turkic Sufi tradition the university studies.约 1321 年去世的安纳托利亚神秘诗人尤努斯·埃姆雷——以他命名的尤努斯·埃姆雷学院——代表着大学所研究的突厥苏非传统。

• The rectors, founders and honorary graduates of the modern university are not named in the material available, so no later figure can be recorded beside the poet and the statesmen above.现代大学的历任校长、创办人与荣誉学位获得者未见于可得材料，故此处只能记录诗人与前述政治家，无法补入后来的具名人物。